GLOBAL HISTORY
FREEDOM ODYSSEY

"The past is the Textbook of Tyrants; the Future the Bible of the Free"
Herman Melville.

 

SUMMARY

Does history have a meaning? Is history only a mad story full of fury? A full panorama of the global history shows that there is a meaning.

Global history is the Freedom odyssey.

Global leaders must be on the right track. Do not turn the wheel back: Be a Freedom fighter!

1-INTRODUCTION: HISTORY IS AN ENIGMA - 2-THE PRIMITIVE SOCIETY - 3-THE AUTHORITARIAN SOCIETY - 4-THE LIBERAL SOCIETY - 5-CONCLUSION

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1-INTRODUCTION: AN ENIGMA ?

Past events are the matter of history. What is the motor of History? What are the causes of change? Toynbee, Weber, Marx , Spengler have proposed some drivers such as races, religions, or social classes but these theories do not bring a comprehensive explanation. On the other hand, according to Freud and the common sense, men are motivated with primal instincts such as sexuality, aggression and hunger.

In our opinion creativity is also a "primal instinct". Without creativity and technical progress, Global history remains an enigma. Just take a look at the three following facts:

1-Manufactured products: Evolution in index base 100 in year 1900

3-Evolution toward complexity:

Another picture could take in account the evolution of the manufactured products toward complexity. We use to distinguish the prehistoric ages according to their tools (Stone, age, Iron age and so on). Now, let's us imagine a museum with all the manufactured products since the beginning of history. From 4000 BCE to 1800 AD, you will observe quite the same tools with regard to their complexity. For example, a light Roman chariot and a stage coach does not differ very much. Of course, there are many tiny improvements between the former and the latter. However, they all belong to the same "age". Today, a jet plane cannot be compared with any means of transportation produced in the past. It means that our jet plane belongs to a new "age"

Of course everyone knows that this evolution results of technical progress but this explanation is not sufficient and could induce some mistakes. For example, Marx underlines the role of the productive forces (technical progress). Unfortunately, he posits: Firstly, that the productive forces determine the social classes and secondly that these social classes in turn determine the individual man consciousness (Education and ideas)

Obviously, this process is wrong: Firstly, the productive forces (technical progress) have to be invented. It means that individual consciousness is at the beginning of the process and not at its end! Secondly, these productive forces can determine some social classes just like the wind "determines" the layers of a cliff. Anyway, these social classes do not determine anything. They are just passive like our cliff layers. Once again, it is the men consciousness which animates these classes through political or institutional changes.

Just imagine that all the productive forces (Tools and other manufactured goods) are suddenly destroyed. Let 'us suppose that the inhabitants are well educated (with scientific and technical knowledge's). Be sure that all the productive's forces will be soon restored. On the other hand, imagine that a no-educated tribe suddenly occupies an industrial state. Do you imagine that the existing productive forces, acting by themselves, will change the mind of the no-educated tribe? Be sure that all the industrial network will be soon completely destroyed!

It means that knowledge, and more largely the spirit, determine the productive forces and not inversely. It means that creativity ( And so Human consciousness) is the real driver of human History.

Only one question remains: : Global history began about 100.000 BCE and few progress appeared before 1800 ADC ! Why was there so little progress during more than 100.000 years ? In others words, what are the causes of creativity and technical progress?

At first glance, Creativity is a mental event occurring into an individual mind. Clearly, the possibility to express creativity depends on the freedom of consciousness. According to this fact, Freedom should be the cause of creativity and technical progress. No freedom= No creativity= No change.

It means that the entire history is a struggle of the individual creativity against the aggression coming from the authoritarian society. Clearly, it looks like a freedom odyssey.

To illustrate this thesis, we shall divide the global history into three periods:

-The primitive society from 100.000 BC to 8000 BC

-The authoritarian society from 8000 BC to1750 AD

-The liberal society from 1750 AD to nowadays.

1-INTRODUCTION: HISTORY IS AN ENIGMA - 2-THE PRIMITIVE SOCIETY - 3-THE AUTHORITARIAN SOCIETY - 4-THE LIBERAL SOCIETY - 5-CONCLUSION

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2-THE PRIMITIVE SOCIETY

The prehistoric society is yet present in some areas such as the Amazon jungle ( Indian tribes), rain forests in central Africa ( pygmies ), and new Guinea. Historically however, it is by far the most important because it began 100.000 years ago and continued until 8000 BC.

21-The facts

By 100.000 BCE, hominids had achieved their cerebral and biological evolution. The Homo sapien who appeared is like the modern man. There is not any biological argument to explain the stagnation during this immense period.

The primitives were hunter gatherers. They made a few tools out of stone, bone, wood and leather. Their ancestors had invented how to use fire. They dwelled in caves or huts.

Each society was a small tribe based on family links. Authority was founded on a family chief, a council of elders and a shaman. There was no class division: Everybody had the same activities and the food was shared on a communal basis.

They feared sickness, wild beasts, natural diseases and in order to protect themselves they established a MAGICAL SHIELD. From its birth, everybody stored magical knowledge and followed complex rituals ( taboos). Across generations these magical beliefs were transmitted and never changed.

It is important to note that these magical beliefs were founded on the clan rather than on individuals. INDIVIDUALS WERE USED TO THINK IN A COLLECTIVE MANNER RATHER THAN BY THEMSELVES.

War tribes, cannibalism, and diseases apart, they enjoyed a peaceful life. The author met some pygmies and Indian tribes: They looked happy despite their miserable appearance. They laughed about anything. They spent their time in sleeping (night and afternoon), hunting, fishing, bathing, boating, and playing. They had fun. Apart from some craft activities, they did not work.

Many tough managers would like to experience such a way of life ! Tourist tribes are searching for this in South Pacific islands. In some way Rousseau was right in saying that primitive society was a lost paradise. But remember that it was just suitable for a tiny population ( The world population was about ten million ) and unable to improve knowledge and master nature. Anyway, the primitives were certainly happier than the slaves and serfs of the middle ages.

22-Time thinking

1-To understand the absence of any progress during such a so long period, we have to deal with the knowledge concept. We are used to opposing knowledge and ignorance but in doing so we forget a third dimension: Negative knowledge.

Knowledge raises the human intellectual capacity: +

Ignorance is neutral: 0

Negative knowledge downgrades the intellectual capacity: -

At birth, everybody is ignorant. Whatever age, any ignorant is able to learn: Remember Plato’s young slave who discovered the geometric laws that he had never learnt before. He was able to learn because his spirit contained logical categories.

Negative knowledge destroys these logical categories: Take an actual child and imagine that instead of reading and calculating, you force him to learn every day some stupid beliefs. When he is twenty years old, his intellectual capacity has waned and he will be unable to do the exercise proposed by Plato.

Mothers, grandparents and clan leaders told these negative beliefs. Across generations children never got the opportunity to learn real knowledge. Therefore, it is not amazing that so little technical progress appeared during this whole period.

2-The former observation probes that society in its earliest form was just able to produce negative knowledge.

ALL TECHNICAL PROGRESS MUST COME FROM THE INDIVIDUAL ITSELF.

The key point is the following: Thought is a qualitative phenomena. As for temperatures, different thoughts do not add but weight themselves. Let us suppose that we could measure thought like a temperature can be measured with degrees. Let us suppose that one individual has a bright idea, for instance degree 10, while his two fellows have poor ideas, let us say degree 3. The collective thought which springs from this discussion will not be equal to 10+3+3=16 but to 16/3=5,3. To progress, a society should let one individual bright thought make the point.

It means that progress is directly proportional to individual values and inversely proportional to collective or social values.

Look at the following graph.

Graph 1

Get used to recognizing collective and individual values.

Collective values	Individual values
Adjectives
Collective, social, public	Free, individual, private
Names
Society, state, government	Freedom, liberty, creativity,
Nation, class, race	self government
Locutions
Class consciousness	Personal freedom, human rights,
and so on	Free world

Speech which call over the left part of the drawing downgrade the progress. Be careful about locutions such as class or national consciousness. These are pure lies.

CONSCIOUSNESS IS ALWAYS INDIVIDUAL.

Progress and freedom odyssey follow the drawing 1

Drawing 1

Right now you understand better the universal history than most of the distinguished and academic scholars !

1-INTRODUCTION: HISTORY IS AN ENIGMA - 2-THE PRIMITIVE SOCIETY - 3-THE AUTHORITARIAN SOCIETY - 4-THE LIBERAL SOCIETY - 5-CONCLUSION

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3-THE AUTHORITARIAN SOCIETY

By 8000 BC, farming appeared in the fertile Crescent in Mesopotamia and spread all over the world. With agriculture, the worst period for mankind begun. Is it surprising ? Not so much. Go on and think

31-From the primitive to the authoritarian society

Our primitive tribes stopped their camping trip and thanks to farming founded small cities. Farming occurred sweat and labor. It was not the same joke as hunting , herding or fishing. What was the problem ? Get slaves to cultivate and good times will go on !

Herders became warriors. Cities warred constantly in order to capture people from others cities and to turn them into slaves. There was a strong link between farming and slavery. Look at the drawing 2.

Drawing 2

This situation led to a strong division between conquerors and conquered cities.

Early civilizations always began with conquerors and conquering populations. Conquerors became large landowners or aristocracy. They shared their new territories into small plots to reward their soldiers. These soldiers became knights and formed the noblemen with the aristocracy. Noblemen were allowed to bequeath their position to their descendants who became hereditary nobles. This was the early beginning of the real gentry.

Ground property was not the result of an economic process. It was a war process. The job of these early land owners was to maintain order and to furnish soldiers to the King. Their core business was authority and not economic accomplishment. This situation had nothing to do with "economic classes"

On the other side, conquered populations became slaves, serfs and later share-croppers. They were devoted to farming, herding, hard work in the mines and family service of the noblemen. Of course, slaves and serfs were the majority ( about 90% of the whole population). By 200 BC Athenian "democracy" counted 400.000 slaves for 20.00 free citizens ! Look at the drawing 3 and 4

Drawing 3

Drawing 4

This process was general in antiquity and the middle ages. It was also the same story in all the regions where cities, kingdoms and empires replaced primitive folks: India, Peru, China, Japan and so on.

Slavery survived until the 19^th century in America. Serfdom survived until the 20^th century in Russia. Slavery and serfdom are nowadays real in Africa, the Middle East and central Asia.

It is fascinating to see how this early inequality could remain quite unchanged until the modern times !

32-The production function

From 8000 BC to 1800 AD, Slaves, serfs, small free farmers were a large amount of the total population ( by 90%).

Their production was just equal to the food they needed to live.

QUANTITY PRODUCED = QUANTITY NEEDED TO FEED THE PRODUCERS

This balance resulted from the absence of technical progress. The farmers were unable to produce a greater quantity of food than that required for their families to survive. Across the years, the good crops were compensated by the bad ones.

Meanwhile, during this period, some technical progress appeared: plough, water-mill, windmills, irrigation and so on, but it was not enough to bring about a major change in the farmer’s life.

ANTIQUITY	BY 1700 ADC	NOWADAYS
Hoe	Plow	Modern tractor
Sickles	Sickles	Combine harvester
Water mill	Wind mill	Mill plant
Light chariot	stage coach	Trucks
Oil lamp	Candle	Electrical lighting
Hut	Log cabin	Modern housing

There is no major difference between an hoe and a plough. There is a dramatic gap between a plough and a modern tractor. The little technical progress did not spread over everywhere: Incas ignored the wheel and black Africans did not know writings until the European colonization.

Therefore, deprived of technical progress, farmers would consume everything they produced. It also means that the life of common people remained quite unchanged.

33-The predatory function

1-This situation was worsened by the authorities. The noblemen were supposed to offer people they captured security in exchange for their obedience. In fact they used all their energy collecting tributes in order to satisfy the requirements of their family, soldiers and so on. The only way was to confiscate a portion of the farmer’s production. Look at the Drawing 5

Drawing 5

The farmer’s work represents an energetic quantity A
This work produced an output B which is equal to A
To survive, the farmer must receive all of B
On this production B, a portion C is taken by the authorities
The farmer who receives B- C cannot renew his workforce.

It is difficult to calculate the amount of the portion. Taking in account the figures coming from some modern dictatorship in Africa, we can estimate it about 20 to 35% of agricultural output. It means that there was a gap of the same percentage in the food needed by the farmers.

In such a situation, famines were permanent and favored sickness. People experienced terrible epidemics. One third of the European population died because of the bubonic plague by 1300 AD. By 1900, the Irish died again from starvation and cannibalism reappeared in Russia. Nowadays, famine remains endemic in countries ruled by dictatorship or the communist party in Africa and Asia.

2-The confiscated portion was divided into four parts: the most important part was devoted to the military power because it was vital to maintain the whole repressive network. The second part was used to build palaces (Versailles in France, Angkhor in Cambodia) or graves ( the Pyramids in Egypt or the Taj Mahal in India). The third part enabled noblemen to acquire jewels, luxury materials and so on. The fourth part financed merchants in their quest for rare goods such as silk or spices: 90 to 98% of the long range trade was for the exclusive use of a very small elite.

Of course, time was magnificent for the fine arts but common folk did not benefit from them. People might have visited cathedrals and others temples but they stored there negative knowledge and it was certainly not a real benefit. Look at the drawing 6

Drawing 6

3-The best way to understand past society is sometimes to examine the actual authoritarian society in many underdeveloped countries. In these countries, the farmer’s life is like it was during antiquity or the middle ages in Europe. Small farmers do not benefit from technical progress and use primitive tools as the hoe. They more often do not own the land they work and are quite subordinated to the authorities. A large amount of their income is confiscated: for example, their goods are bought at a lower price than the market price by the state merchant office and they have also to supply some compulsory quotas ( rice relevance and so on). Of course they are fully exposed to famine and plagues.

On the other side, state authorities in towns are mainly busy in confiscating the portion of crops to feed themselves. For example, instead of keeping peace and order, soldiers spent their time in cutting the roads, racketing wanderers or plundering villages inhabited by ethnic or religious minorities ( for example in south Sudan where a forty years civil war caused the death of two million people )

In these countries the confiscated portion is already divided into four parts. The most important remains devoted to the repressive network: Civil servants, soldiers, policemen, custom officers, forestry guards, agricultural officers, rural assistants and so on. The second part is used to build up presidential palaces or state owned plants which never worked. The third part does not finance jewels or fine arts but is sent abroad to leaders private bank accounts. At least the fourth part finances arms traffic instead of silk or spices.

34-Thinking time

For thousands of years mankind lived a miserable life in conditions close to those of animals.

In fact this story calls for two questions: Why did people support such a situation for so long? Why did so little technical progress appear ? These questions are closely connected.

1-The answer to the first question is terror and ignorance.

In order to confiscate the vital portion, the authorities ( Emperor, king, gentry, chivalry, samurai and so on) had to exercise a constant violence.

The authorities were supposed to establish justice and peace. In fact, The early landowners were often illiterate, fierce and real savages. They enjoyed rather in raping, sacking, plundering, and killing. With the extension of times and territories, the use of force met some limits and the authorities had to use some others means.

Churches brought these new means. Since the beginning of the authoritarian society, new religions had spread over the different Empires, kingdoms and Cities. In short, they all told people to be closely subordinated to God, the king and every authority. Thanks to this worship, most of the illiterate poor believed that their subordination was a fast track to paradise. In this situation, it was not necessary to systematically use violence.

In some countries, in addition to violence and religion, authorities dehumanized some part of the population, in saying that they belonged to a lower cast or race.

The authoritarian society lasted across the centuries until nowadays in a few countries because it was mainly based on terror and ignorance. Remember that by 1800, 60 to 80% of the European population was still illiterate.

2-What about technical progress ?

Scholars says that technical progress depends upon a slow accumulation of knowledge. In fact, the truth seemed quite different. With more complex societies than the primitive tribes, there already were some free thinkers and scientists. You just have to remember some names such as Archimedes, Euclid, Thales, Hippocrates, Galen and so on. Aristarquos from Samos knew that the earth revolves around the sun. Do you know that a greek called Hero invented a steam engine by 200 AD ?

Why was this early knowledge not used for technical progress ? Of course slavery was sufficient for farming and mining but noblemen would have benefited from fast transportation, modern weaponry or medicine for themselves.

In fact, the noblemen thought that knowledge and technical progress could change the whole society and of course they were strongly opposed to any improvements. Therefore they forbade technical progress and they found a strong reinforcement from the religions.

Scholars say that the authoritarian religions were more elaborated than the primitive animism. In our opinion there is some uncertainty on this matter. In fact, they hated knowledge and free thought. They appeared to be far more repressive than the former Roman or Greek religion and they downgraded all the scientific achievements from antiquity. For example, the great libraries were destroyed. Vivisection was forbidden. Diseases were regarded as punishment for sin. Free thinkers were burned at the stake ( For example Vanini and Giordano Bruno by the end of the 16^th century)

The absence of technical progress was the result of a political choice. Technical progress was connected to knowledge and knowledge was itself connected to creativity and freedom. Authorities hated freedom. So they also forbade knowledge and progress.

We have seen that primitive society produced negative knowledge. Presently, we see that a more elaborated society forbids knowledge in order to keep the power for the leaders.

This fact is enforced by the Japan’s history. Until 1860, Japan was a feudal country based on serfdom. Noblemen ( Samurai ) knew the scientific development in Europe but they did the choice to keep their own archaic model. For example, to protect themselves from foreign influences, they forbade to build oceanic ship !

In 1860, a new Mikado got the power. In a single day, he abolished the samurai power, liberated the Japanese society, and sent young people to study in England. As a result, Japan is today one of the most developed country of the world !

This story demonstrates that Technical progress depends only from political will toward freedom.

1-INTRODUCTION: HISTORY IS AN ENIGMA - 2-THE PRIMITIVE SOCIETY - 3-THE AUTHORITARIAN SOCIETY - 4-THE LIBERAL SOCIETY - 5-CONCLUSION

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41-Political and technical revolution.

By 1800, England, America, and France were the theatre of a political revolution followed by a technical revolution. Even though it emerged in a hostile environment, the recognition of personal freedom immediately found expressions as an explosion of innovations and technical progress that completely transformed man’s relationship with nature.

These revolutions resulted from specific circumstances: following the religious wars, church leadership waned. A strong philosophical movement began and spread all over Europe in favor of personal freedom and self-government.

In England, the government was weakened by civil wars and gave a lot of new rights to people. Beside, the French monarchy seemed stronger but was in fact altered: In concentrating the noblemen in Versailles, the king weakened his powers upon remote territories.

A remote power is a vulnerable power: Far from England, American insurgents made a revolution and founded the Republic of the United States of America. This event had a strong influence in France and twelve years later the French revolution began.

The French revolution was an earthquake in Europe. Its ideas spread over the whole continent. In 1815, revolution was defeated but noblemen realized that it was impossible to came back to the ancient order because the technical revolution had begun and was changing the whole world.

The technical revolution began in England when the political power weakened. Free thinkers invented steam engine and factory machines. In France, the revolution abolished the corporations ( ancestors from the trade unions) which were opposed to any technical progress and benefited from the protection of noblemen. The steel and powder industry knew a fast development. Technical innovations appeared in farming with the use of fertilizers.

In north America and in western Europe, the industrial revolution of the nineteenth century started to mass produce products to satisfy man’s increasing needs. The progress of medicine and the drop in infant mortality was of benefit to the entire planet and brought about a rapid increase in population.

With these innovations the production function changed. Look at the drawing 7

Drawing 7

Thanks to productivity, the income surpassed what the worker needed to renew his workforce. It remained a large surplus which grew every year with new inventions. In this situation it was not useful to confiscate a portion of the production through violence. All the repressive network suddenly became useless.

42-The big contest

Clearly, the predatory minorities could not be happy with such a situation.

1-They therefore reorganized their repressive system by recopying the technology developed by the democracies and putting them to use for military purposes.

In fact the authoritarian society did not realize that there was a strong link between freedom and science. They developed heavy industries but they also cherished some stupid theories: For example, Lissenko genetics in the Soviet Union. All their industrial power was undermined by such negative knowledge. Moreover, smart people escaped from these society and brought their talents to free countries.

2-The authoritarian society also renewed ancient religious beliefs and developed some new ideologies relative to the social class or race. This evolution began at the end of the nineteenth century.

The catholic church condemned working conditions in the factories ( Encyclical rerum novarum). The church called for the return to the social order of the middle ages and quite forgot that Augustinus and Thomas had in their time justified slavery and serfdom ! This catholic reaction found its political expression later with Franco in Spain and the government of Vichy in France.

A nationalistic and racist ideology developed itself among high civil servants and military circles. Anti-Semitism was the link between classic nationalist and new racist theories. These poisoned ideas drove in the middle of the 20^th century to Nazism in Germany and fascism in Italy and Japan.

The worker’s population grew and became crowded in industrial towns. These people coming from farms found in urban life better wages, more leisure, and easier jobs(except in coal and iron mining). Despite these improvements many workers were opposed to technical progress and destroyed machines ( Laddism). Under Marxist pressure, the worker’s fight led to the Bolshevik revolution in Russia and thus to the Gulag.

In a logical way, all these reactions were felt among people who benefited from the former authoritarian society: The Catholic church and the top rank military officers who came mainly from the hereditary gentry but also the trade unions inherited from the corporations protected by the king and who had been abolished by the revolution.

3-Once these preparations were finished all the authoritarian society had left to do was to launch an attack on democracies.

The twentieth century therefore marks the apogee of history. In many way the events that occurred between 1914, the beginning of World War 1, and 1989, the fall of the Berlin wall, are more important for humanity than everything that happened over the preceding thousands of years. These seventy-five years changed the course of history. They are marked by the total victory that defenders of liberty won over the partisans of authoritarian and totalitarian societies.

Emerging democracies had to face three successive assaults. The first from 1914 to 1918, put them in opposition to the central empires of Germany, Austria and Turkey. The second, ferocious and ruthless, united the forces of the terrorists regimes of Germany and Japan and set the entire world ablaze between 1939 and 1945. Finally, the last cold conflict engaged by the communist and soviet totalitarian system, lasted more than forty years and only came to an end in 1989 with the implosion of the soviet block.

In these three cases, liberal democracies were victorious. This victory was global. It led to the emancipation of women and the independence of colonies all over the world.

The democracies won, thanks to their scientific and technical advances, both of the utmost importance in modern conflicts. And this technical progress was possible thanks to the liberty of innovation that individuals enjoyed.

On the other side, authoritarian and totalitarian societies reached the extreme limits of horror: Holocaust, nazi concentration camps, extermination of kulaks, gulags, mass butchery in cambodia and other communist countries and so on. Meanwhile, there is today a lot of people who are nostalgic about these regimes!

43- Thinking time

Marxists scholars and Public schools teach that the revolution was a by product of the bourgeoisie. They say that Capitalism grew by 1600 AD and that the bourgeoisie slowly obtained a political power.

Such a story is quite fiction. It is true that a few towns ( mainly Dutch or Italian) got some rights and guaranties. But scarce exceptions never made a general law. Despite the discovery of America, the upheaval and apogee of fine arts, the 16^th century was a bloodshed because of religious wars. Instead of getting power, early capitalists were eager to survive ! For example, Protestants, mainly middle class in towns, had to migrate far away in order to flee the persecutions.

Of course, the middle classes and educated people were happy with the revolutions but these two big events were not driven by a class but by some free individual: Lawyers ( Washington, Hamilton, Mirabeau, Danton, Robespierre), scientists ( Franklin, Carnot, Monge) or some marginal men ( Lafayette, Sieyes ).

In fact, the Marxist emphasize that the struggle between economic class was the main course of history. As a result, many people believe that the factory is the descendant of the lord’s castle and that the liberalism is a new form of the historical exploitation of the poor people.

We maintain that there are no possible comparisons between the bloody exploitation from the past and some worrying situation like today poverty. The authoritarian society was not founded on the rivalry between economic class because all the power was concentrated by the military minority. Since early times, power and the sword have been in the same hands. With military power, you get money just by violence. When the king of France needed money he just had to burn the templar's who were the first bankers in Europe at the stake.

The real history shows that merchants were often more persecuted than others people for three reasons. First, they inhabited towns which were often stormed by the knights. For example, the crusaders slaughtered all the middle class who inhabited Constantinople. Two, being educated and broad minded, they were taxed from heresies: During the Albigense crusade ordered by Pope and Dominican monks, many educated people from the south of France were burned to death or had their ears and noses cut off. Third, as Weber says, they often belonged to religious minorities. For example, Jews were not allowed to own land. As a result, some of them were moneylenders and merchants but their main goal was to survive because they were frequently killed by soldiers and mob.

Today’s economic conflicts have nothing to do with these bloody events. Economic conflicts are not the continuation of historical exploitation. The Marxist explanation is a wrong interpretation.

Anyway, global leaders must known this interpretation which remains popular in order to fight it with the right arguments.

We must not forget that the interpretation of past history is the present of today’s history.

In fact, the rise of the liberal society is first of all a victory of personal liberty. But there is another question: Freemen appeared in every period. Remember Spartakus. Why did they always fail before ? There are two reasons. They did not have a clear idea of freedom. They linked it with social or collective value and they were unable to insert their fight in a general vision. Secondly they were unable to unite. As a result they just led some episodic riots and they were constantly defeated.

By 1800, freemen were helped by a strong philosophical and idealistic movement which pleaded that the source of goodness was in the individual and not in the society. All legitimate power had to spring from the free will of individuals. All societies had to be nothing more than contractual alliances accepted by individuals. All institutions, States, Nations, Families were for the sake of the individual. Thanks to this philosophical movement, Freedom was perceived as a victory of the individual over the collective and social values that imprisoned men throughout the history of humanity. Therefore, freemen were able to drag united individuals from every class to victory.

The sense of history is very clear.

FREEDOM---CREATIVITY---TECHNICAL PROGRESS---HAPPINESS

Remember that Freedom is a permanent fight. The defense of freedom is the first duty. A global leader must cultivate the sciences and technologies that are the best way to defend liberty, to eradicate suffering and increase the happiness of mankind.

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1-INTRODUCTION: HISTORY IS AN ENIGMA - 2-THE PRIMITIVE SOCIETY - 3-THE AUTHORITARIAN SOCIETY - 4-THE LIBERAL SOCIETY - 5-CONCLUSION

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5-CONCLUSION

Is this victory final ?

1-As a result of these three conflicts, the economic, scientific and technical power of democracies is without equal and the rapid globalization of their liberal model is allowing humanity to enter into a new era of peace and progress.

In fact democracy and freedom are in progress. Look at the drawing 8

Drawing 8

Some people worry about communist China. We have good reasons to forecast the liberalization of this regime. The authoritarian powers which remain in Cuba, Africa, the Middle East or Vietnam are deprived of any prospects. Their power is nothing.

Nevertheless the terrorist attacks show that we cannot neglect them.

In fact, the terrorist cells are just the new weapons used by dictatorships against democracies and freedom.

In the same way, Jihadism is just a new ideology like nazism and communism. Jihadism is the new coat for authoritarian powers and the people who support them:

Nazism= Holocaust.

Communism= Gulag.

Jihadism= Mass Terrorism.

2-The alliance between America Europe and Japan must be preserved at all costs. Some leaders still complain and ask for what they call a multi-polar world. We must be very careful about this wrong idea.

THE MULTI POLAR WORLD WAS THE WORLD OF YESTERDAY: CONSTANT WARS-REPRESSION-EXTREME POVERTY.

THE UNI POLAR WORLD IS THE FREEMEN WORLD: WE HAVE TO DEFEND IT!

There is also a fast growing movement against globalization, free trade and free business. Some cranky leaders lead this movement. Pay attention to them. They say that they do not like authoritarian models. In fact, they hate the liberal society and they indulge for dictatorship.

BE VIGILANT. FREEDOM WANTS YOU !

YOU HAVE TO BE A FREEDOM FIGHTER.

But do not worry to much. With economic development, all the remaining negative beliefs will vanished.

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Best links-Click below:

www.loc.gov

www.thehistorynet.com

www.libertystory.net

www.hyperhistory.com

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